POLICED OR OCCUPIED

Some of these entries  may get a little disjointed as I work my way through.

After integration became the law of the land and the voting rights act was passed came Watts. King discovered that plenty of the inner city inhabitants has never heard of him, but they had heard of Malcolm. What was left of the neighborhood was in ruins and with more than thirty dead and thousands in jail the traditional civil rights movement looked like a tragic joke.

Inner city blacks could vote. It didn't get them much. They could eat wherever they wanted. If they had the money. Schools were not legally segregated, but that didn't count for much when you lived in a defacto segregated slum. They could even go to the library. If  they could find one.

 "formal equality did not change the material conditions of black people, especially those packed in the ghettos in the North. In fact their poverty continued to get worse, partly because of the progressive displacement of unskilled labor, further eroding their sense of somebodyness. After Watts, King concluded that without economic justice, the right  to a job or income, talk about 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness' was nothing but a figment of one's political imagination."

 "Martin did not take long to realize that poverty was no accident but was a consequence of a calculated decision of the wielders of economic power. Using Malcolm's language, Malcolm began to speak of the ghetto as a 'system of internal colonialism'. 'The purpose of the slumslum,' he did in a speech at the Chicago Freedom Festival, 'is to confine those who have no power and perpetuate their powerlessness ... The slum is little more a domestic colony which leaves its inhabitants dominated politically, segregated and humiliated at every turn..'"

 From Martin and Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare

Wendell Berry in his essay What Are People For quoted a psychologist friend that the local police had told him that a "major occupation was to keep the permanently unemployable confined to their own part of town."

Are minorities in this country being policed or occupied? Some of these shootings look less like holding your ground and more like the  tactics  used in the Central American civil wars.

WHAT IS PEACE

Thomas Merton in New Seeds of Contemplation chapter The Root of War is Fear. Not sure about the page numbers I was working off my Kindle.

"If men really wanted peace they would sincerely ask God for it and He would give it to them. But why should He give the world a peace which it does not really desire? The peace the world pretends to desire is really no peace at all.

To some peace merely means the liberty to exploit others without fear of retaliation or interference. To others peace means the freedom to rob others without interruption. To still others out means the leisure to devour the goods of the earth without being compelled to interrupt their pleasures to feed those whom their greed is starving. And to almost everyone else peace means the absence of any physical violence that might cast a shadow over their comfort or pleasure. (a little editing in this paragraph).

Many have asked God for what they believed was peace and wondered why their prayer was not answered. They could not understand their prayer was answered. God left them with what they thought they desired, for their idea of peace was just another form of war. This is one of the consequences of the corrupt idea of a peace based on a policy of  'every man for himself' in ethics, economics, and politics. " (again a bit of editing) Merton was a great writer but there were times when never met an adjective or and adverb he didn't like.

This was written in the sixties at the height of the cold war. Merton's was a strong voice against the idea that any country could defend its people and way of life by destroying both itself and the enemy. Along with the rest of their neighbors.  I don't believe there was any plan on the part of the US or the USSR to ask the rest of the world if they wanted to be reduced to radioactive ashes or end up glowing in the dark. Or their own citizens for that matter. Left that it to the science fiction authors to imagine the days, years, centuries after.

And especially the birds, bees, fish, animals, trees, flowers.  All the other citizens of this world who know nothing about the politics of humans and end up on the  firing line anyway.

WHO IS ON THE BORDER OR IN THE CAMPS

Thomas Merton asked this question focussing on the dangers of nuclear war in the sixties. Well, we're looking at half a century or so later and where will we find Christ now? In the ruins of Central American countries fighting subversives? Subversives defined as priests, nuns, teachers, union organizers, lay church workers and death came labeled Made in the USA.

 The refugee trails through Mexico to the U.S.  border? Detention camps for children? Fill in the blanks for women and men of color caught in impossible situations because somebody with a gun was "afraid for their life." Anyplace where contaminated land or water has poisoned the crops, the fish, the animals? And what do you do when the choice is between poison and starvation?

"The Christian it's not only bound to avoid certain evils, but he is responsible for very great goods. This is often forgotten. The doctrine of the Incarnation  makes the Christian obligated at once to God and to man. If God has become man, then no Christian is ever allowed to be indifferent to man's fate. Whoever believes that  Christ is the Word made flesh  believes that every man must in some sense be regarded as Christ. For all are at least potentially members of the Mystical Christ. Who can say with absolute certainty of any other man that Christ does not live in him (or her, adult or child)."They

From "Can We Choose Peace" in Peace in the Post Christian Era page 10 by Thomas Merton.

LET AMERICA BE AMERICA AGAIN

Back in the thirties there was an outpouring of African American talent. Langston Hughes was one of these poets and writers and his work speaks as strongly now as it did eighties years or so ago. 

LET AMERICA BE AMERICA AGAIN

Let America be America again.
Let it be the dream it used to be.
Let it be the pioneer on the plain
Seeking a home where he himself is free.

(America never was America to me.)

Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed--
Let it be that great strong land of love
Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme
That any man be crushed by one above.

(It never was America to me.)

O, let my land be a land where Liberty
Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath,
But opportunity is real, and life is free,
Equality is in the air we breathe.

(There's never been equality for me,
Nor freedom in this "homeland of the free.")

Say, who are you that mumbles in the dark?
And who are you that draws your veil across the stars?

I am the poor white, fooled and pushed apart,
I am the Negro bearing slavery's scars.
I am the red man driven from the land,
I am the immigrant clutching the hope I seek--
And finding only the same old stupid plan
Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak.

I am the young man, full of strength and hope,
Tangled in that ancient endless chain
Of profit, power, gain, of grab the land!
Of grab the gold! Of grab the ways of satisfying need!
Of work the men! Of take the pay!
Of owning everything for one's own greed!

I am the farmer, bondsman to the soil.
I am the worker sold to the machine.
I am the Negro, servant to you all.
I am the people, humble, hungry, mean--
Hungry yet today despite the dream.
Beaten yet today--O, Pioneers!
I am the man who never got ahead,
The poorest worker bartered through the years.

Yet I'm the one who dreamt our basic dream
In the Old World while still a serf of kings,
Who dreamt a dream so strong, so brave, so true,
That even yet its mighty daring sings
In every brick and stone, in every furrow turned
That's made America the land it has become.
O, I'm the man who sailed those early seas
In search of what I meant to be my home--
For I'm the one who left dark Ireland's shore,
And Poland's plain, and England's grassy lea,
And torn from Black Africa's strand I came
To build a "homeland of the free."

The free?

Who said the free? Not me?
Surely not me? The millions on relief today?
The millions shot down when we strike?
The millions who have nothing for our pay?
For all the dreams we've dreamed
And all the songs we've sung
And all the hopes we've held
And all the flags we've hung,
The millions who have nothing for our pay--
Except the dream that's almost dead today.

O, let America be America again--
The land that never has been yet--
And yet must be--the land where every man is free.
The land that's mine--the poor man's, Indian's, Negro's, ME--
Who made America,
Whose sweat and blood, whose faith and pain,
Whose hand at the foundry, whose plow in the rain,
Must bring back our mighty dream again.

Sure, call me any ugly name you choose--
The steel of freedom does not stain.
From those who live like leeches on the people's lives,
We must take back our land again,
America!

O, yes,
I say it plain,
America never was America to me,
And yet I swear this oath--
America will be!

Out of the rack and ruin of our gangster death,
The rape and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies,
We, the people, must redeem
The land, the mines, the plants, the rivers.
The mountains and the endless plain--
All, all the stretch of these great green states--
And make America again! 

Langston Hughes

You can find his work on the net and I suspect i will be visiting those poems and revisiting them. He speaks as powerfully now as he did then. 

WE DON'T WANT TO GO THERE

Yeah, it would be a different world all right. I sure as hell wouldn't want to live there as much as I dislike fundies of any stripe. The atheists can be just as militant and just as insulting. 

I have experienced immanence. Something or someone is out there. But, that is personal to me. I can't explain it and I'm not going to condemn anyone because they don't share it. But, don't condemn me or insult me because I have this personal experience or belief.

OK follow this to the logical conclusion. This is the banner picture for Hitchen's personal blog Reason over Religion. How do you prevent parents from teaching their children. How do keep parents from taking their children to religious services. And that covers everyone from Amish to pagans. Trying to actually do this would make 1984 look like Sunday afternoon tea with the vicar.

The Rights of Fish, Animals, Birds and Plants

"If this nation has a long way to go before all our people are truly created equally without regard to race, religion, or national origin, it has even farther to go before achieving anything that remotely resembles equal treatment for other creatures who called this land home before humans ever set foot upon it...while the species themselves... fish, fowl, game, and the habitat they live in-have given us unparalleled wealth, they live crippled in their ability to persist  and live in conditions of captive squalor...this enslavement and impoverishment of nature is no more tolerable or sensible than enslavement and impoverishment of other human beings...perhaps it is because we are the messengers that not only our sovereignty as Native governments but our right to identify with a deity and a history, or right to hold too a set of natural lass as practiced for thousands of years is under assault. Now more than ever, tribal people must hold onto their timeless and priceless customs and practices. Ted Strong in the introduction to All Our Relations by Winona LaDuke.

Mr. Strong is an activist with the Columbia River Tribes speaking for the rights of our non human neighbors, especially the salmon people.

TRIBAL ENTRIES

More for my own use. Planning to work my way through a book I have on Native American healing arts. Just wanted a reference I can use without having to flip back  and forth.

ABENAKI

Algonquin Indiana of the Northeast who live in Vermont, New Hampshire and southern Quebec. They were part of the Wabenaki Confederacy.

ABSAROKA

See Crow

ALABAMA

Are an early tribe in the southeast whip we members of the powerful Creek Confederacy during the colonial n period. Both na state and a river are named for them.

ALEUT

Native people's of the Aleautian island chain of about a hundred islands stretching almost 1, 200 miles between Alaska and Siberia. They are fishermen, artists and basket weavers. Who live in villages on mainland Alaska.

ALGONQUIN

Is the name of a native language group. It is also the name for a large group of tribes and bands in the eastern woodland who speak similar dialects. Some off their eastern tribes were among the earliest to meet European settlers.

ARAPAHO

Western Algonquin who lived across the Great Plains. Horsemen, warriors, medicine people, artists and traders. They now live in Oklahoma and Wyoming.

CAYUSE

Were horse breeders of northern Oregon and southeastern Washington in the Columbia Plateau. Today many live on the Umatilla reservation near Pendleton, Oregon.

CHEROKEE

Were hunters, farmers, and medicine people. Most were forced from their lands around Georgia in 1838-39 under the removal policy. The Cherokee remain one of the largest tribes today. Tribal headquarters are in Tahlequah, Oklahoma in the b West, and Cherokee, NC in the east.

CHEYENNE

Were an early farming people from the Great Lakes regions who migrated to the Great Plains. Northern Cheyenne now live on a reservation in Lame Deer, Montana. The Southern Cheyenne share trust lands with the southern Arapaho in Concho, Oklahoma.

CHICKSAW

Were a southeastern Mississippian people with close ties to the Creek and Choctaw. They were early farmers.during the early 1800's most of them were relocated west of the Mississippi into Indian territory. Today they are centered in South central Oklahoma.

CHOCTAW

Descendants of the Mound Builders, closely related to the Creek. Homeland s in the southeast, they are farmers, gathers,hunters they wee relocated the West in 1830's suffering great losses. Have reservations in Mississippi and Oklahoma.

COMANCHE

Were horsemen and buffalo hunters once called "Ord of the southern plains" because of their power and grace. They are now centered in Lawton, Oklahoma. Shady lands with the Kiowa and Apache.

CREEK

Descendants of the Temple Mound Builders, so  because their villages were located along rivers and creeks. Allied with similar tribes they formed the Creek Confederacy. Many migrated or were removed from  their homelands during the 1800's. Most are at Okmulgee in eastern Oklahoma.

CROW

Absaroka or Apsaroka "bird people,"  were early relatives of Hidatsa of the upper Missouri River regions. The Crow were buffalo hunters, scouts and gathers of the Great Plains.

DELAWARE

Or Lenni Lenape "true people" originally lived in what became New York, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These tribal groups suffered early settlement pressures and moved or were moved to Canada or Oklahoma.

DINE

"People" are commonly called the Navajo. This is the biggest tribal nation in the U.S. They migrated from the north to the southwest about a thousand years ago. Horsemen, farmers, jewellers, weavers; they are also herbalists and healers.They are centered in Window Rock, Arizona and their reservation in the Four Corners region of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.

ESKIMO

See Inuit or Inupiat. Closely related to the Aleuts and other groups who live in the Arctic and sub Arctic regions. Numerous villages are organized into six corporations in Alaska and Inuit in Canada have the Nunavut region in the Northwest Territories.

FLATHEAD

Were Salish who did not follow the custom of head shaping practised by others that produced a distinctive dome shape. They were fishermen and horsemen on the territory that became parts of Montana and Idaho. They b share a reservation with  the Kootenai near Dixon, Montana.

HAIDA"

"People" were a Northwest Coast tribe  lived on Queen Charlotte Island off the coast of British Columbia. Wood workers, boat builders, totem pole carvers, and fishermen. The Half a built spruce Adams cedar plank houses in which they hosted Porsches. The Haida now live in coastal villages in Canada and Alaska; many are famous for their distinctive artwork.

SCAM WARNING

For all you amazon customers out there. If you get a call from someone claiming to be with Amazon and telling you that your someone has tried to access your account from a city far, far away from where you are hang up immediately. Especially if they have extremely heavy accents. Check your account to see if there has been any activity, call Amazon and request to change your password. I got scammed and am trying to sort it out.

And if you are dumb enough to start trying to sort it out with them if it doesn't make sense do not listen if they try to tell you 'this is how we do it" 

Tried to sell me another fortunately I had my card blocked. And my password is changed. 

HAVSUPAI

"People of the Blue Green Water" are descendants of ancient farmers along the Colorado who grew corn , squash, melons, beans and rest of the American food basket in irrigated fields. Their reservation is near Supsi, Arizona near the Grand Canyon.

HAWAIIANS

are descendants of prehistoric Polynesian s and other Pacific Islanders who settled the eight tropical Hawaiian Islands. Early Hawaiians were village farmers, fishermen, artists ruled by kings and queens. Two hundred years of exploitation and settlement pressures have thinned the native populations, but they remain strong in their traditions.

HIDATSA

Were village farmers and traders who built earth lodges on bluffs overlooking the Missouri river. They are one of the Three Affiliated Tribes, sharing reservation lands with the Mandan and Arikara in North Dakota near Fort Berthold.

HOHOKAM

"Vanished Ones," were prehistoric desert farmers in the ancient Southwest . They lived in the Gila and Salt River valleys from 100 BC to about 1500 AD. Their pottery, etched shells, weaving, and earthen mounds remain as vivid reminders of a sophisticated early culture and may also reflect an association with early Mesoamerican cultures.

HOPEWELL CULTURE

Were ancient Mound Builders centered in the prehistoric Ohio, Illinois, and Mississippi River valleys more than two thousand years ago. (300 BC-700 AD). These Stone age craftspeople established widespread trading networks and left us reminders of their artistic presence.

HOPI

"Peaceful Ones," the western most Pueblo people w farm near their ancient village settlement on the mesas and in the valleys of North eastern Arizona. They are probably descendants of the Anasazi. Their kachina rites and kiva ceremonies are part of one of the oldest healing cultures in North America.

HUALAPAI

are named after the pinyon pine, which produced one of their staple foods.These Colorado  river region hunters and gatherers were noted herbalists and medicine people whose powers often came from dreams.Their tribal center today is Peach Springs,  Arizona, near the Grand Canyon.

HURON

Were clans of northern Iroquois hunters and fur traders in the Great Lakes region. They were also noted farmers who built their long houses along river plateaus. They were nearly exterminated during the Fur Trading Wars. Their descendants live in both Canada and the US.

ILLINOIS

"People" were bands of prairie Algonquin who hunted and traded across the plains. Conflicts, diseases, and westward expansion thinned their numbers. Today their descendants are settled in the northeast corner of Oklahoma.

INUIT

See Inupiat

INUPIAT

"Real People" are Arctic and sub Arctic native peoples of Alaska, often called Eskimos. Closely related to the Inuit, they are skilled hunters, fishermen, and crafts people whose villages were organised into six native  corporation s by the Alaska Native Claims Act of 1971.

IOWA

Were early farmers, horsemen, and buffalo hunters across the Missouri and Mississippi river valleys who suffered great losses from conflicts, diseases and westward expansion. Their descendants are settled on trust lands in Kansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma.

IROQUOIS

call themselves Haudenosaunee "People of the Long House," The Iroquois were farmers, warriors, statesmen, and leaders in the tribal North East. Their reservations and reserves stretch across upper New York and Southern Canada.

KIOWA

"Main people," were seasonal hunters and warriors who ranged across the Great Plains . They were and are noted leaders, artists, medicine people. They  were allies of the Apache and Comanche, with whom they farm and share trust lands and oil leases in Carmegi, Oklahoma, today.

KLAMATH

"People," were hunters and gatherers of the Oregon plateau regions . Noted resistance fighters and warriors, they suffered many losses as a result of federal policy changes, especially the termination policies of the 1950's.

KWAKIUTL

Were North East coast people living on Vancover Island. Skilled hunters, fishermen, craftsmen were known for their approaches and mystical religious societies with elaborate masks, rites and stories. They were also mask and totem pole carvers whose works expressed complex tribal traditions. Ten bands remain in BC today. The salmon are central to their economies.

MAKAH

"Cape Dweller," are rugged North West coast people living on the Olympic Penninsula of Washington statestate. They are fishermenfishermen, whalers, hunters, gatherers, weavers and carvers. Their reservation is in Neah Bay, Washington.

MANDAN

were early Plains Indians who settled along the Missouri river, anywhere they were successful farmers, gatherers, and buffalo hunters. Along with their neighbors, the Arikara and Hidatsa, they see called the three affiliated tribes. They share lands and a similar way of life at Fort Berthold, ND.

MENOMINEE

"Wild Rice People," were Great Lakes Algonquin, noted for their hunting, fishing, trading, and artistry. Centuries of settlement pressures and federal termination policies have pushed the tribe into decline they continue to work for proper restitution.

METIS

"Mixed blood" the b word is French, is a historical term usually meaning someone of Cree-French ancestry. This  stems from the seventeen hundreds when Canadian back woods trappers traded with the Cree and other tribes to supply the European demand for pelts.

MIAMI

"People of the Penninsula," were Prairie Algonquin of the southern Great Lakes region who were noted warriors , traders, and artists.They were noted warriors, traders, and artists. They were known for their calumets, (peace pipes) and war clubs. Several bands of Miami live in northeastern Oklahoma.

MICMAC

"Allies" were maritime Algonquin, allies of the Maliset and  members of the Wabenaki confederacy in the northeast. Woodland hunters, gatherers, herbalists, and fishermen, they are noted for their fone craftsmanship. They live on reserves in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.

MIKASUKI

are close relatives and allies of the Seminole Indians in Florida. These fishermen, hunters, herbalists, and artists maintain their traditions on their own reservation along the Tamiami Trail.

MISSISSIPPI

were ancient temple mound builders who flourished throughout the broad Mississippi River valley from about seven hundred to eleven hundred AD. Their great site at Cahokia, Illinois, covered about foot thousand acres with more than eighty five different mounds; it may have housed almost forty thousand people. Ancestors of today's Creek and other southeastern tribes, probably influenced by the Olmecs, Toltecs, Maya and Aztecs.

MISSOURI

"People with the Dugout Canoes," were probably once Woodland Indian farmers who migrated to the Great Plains and became horsemen and buffalo hunters. Intertribal warfare dispersed them and reduced their numbers during the eighteen hundred s and Minden hundred s. Today the Missouri are affiliated with the Prior, with whom they share settlements in Oklahoma.

MOGOLLON

were prehistoric southwestern farming people who cultivated the high mountain valleys between three hundred BC and about thirteen hundred AD. These early gardeners raised corn, beans, squash, cotton, sun flowers, pepper, and tobacco. They also built out houses and lives and were noted for their weaving and black on white pottery.

MOHAWK

Mohawk, "People of the Flint Country" and "Keepers of the Eastern Door" for the Iroquois League. Eastern most of the six nations they were long house village farmers, warriors, hunters, traders, and basket weavers. They are known today a "walkers of the high steel," teachers, artists, and story tellers. The Mohawk are centered on their reservations and reserves in upstate New York and Canada.

MOHEGAN

Mohegan, "Wolf People," were Eastern Woodland Algonquin who were noted for their hunting, trading, medicine,farming,and whaling. Today they continue their traditions in eastern Connecticut. They have also developed economic enterprises based on their gambling casinos.

MOJAVI

Mojavi, "Beside the Water," were desert South West people who lived along three Colorado River along with their neighbors the Yumans, Havasupais, Huslapais, and Yavapais. They farmed and hunted the fertile home lands near the Monaco Desert, and also noted warriors, weavers, artists, and pottrs. They are centered today on the reservations in Arizona, Nevada, and California, which they share with other related tribes.

MONTAGNAIS

Montagnais whose name is French for "Mountaineers," were Canadian Algonquin hunters and fishermen of the north who traveled seasonally across the vast sub Arctic regions and traded with their neighbors the Cree and Naskapi. Today they live in reserves in Northern Quebec.

MONTAUK

Montauk, "People at the High Land," were east coast Algonquin on Long Island who established a confederacy of neighboring Algonquin tribes in the 1700s. They were whalers, fishermen, farmers, and gatherers. Their descendants still live in southeastern Long Island.

MOUND BUILDERS

Mound Builders were prehistoric Indians of three distinct cultural groups who lived in Central and eastern America from about one thousand BC and about fifteen hundred AD. They were hunters, farmers, artists, and potters, they are especially well known as builders off fabulous earthen mounds and villages.

NARRAGANSET

Naragansett, "People off the Point," were eastern Algonquin hunters, gatherers, fishermen, whalers, warriors, medicine people, and traders who lived in stockaded villages in what is now Rhode Island. Settlement pressures and warfare thinned their numbers, but the Narragansett are still centered in Charlestown, Rhode Island, where their tribal headquarters, church, and long house are located.

NATCHEZ

Natchez were Temple Mound Builders who maintained well organized villages along the lower Mississippi river. Their economy was based on hunting and gathering. Early settlement pressures dispersed this powerful tribe, their descendents settled among and intermarried with other southern tribes.

NAVAJO

Navajo, who call themselves Dine, "People" are the largest tribal group in Native America. Noted warriors, herdsmen, gardeners, weavers, artists, and medicine people in the southwest, they are famous fit their intricate sand paintings and the ceremonial objects that accompany their healing chanteays. They are centered in the Four Corners region around their capital in Window Rock Arizona.

NEZ PERCE

Nez Perce, "Pierced Noses," who called themselves Nimipu, " People" were hunters, gatherers, fishermen, and horsemen of the northern plateau region around the Snake and Salmon Rivers. Settlement pressures and federal prosecution drive them off much of their homeland. Their tribal centres today are the Nez Perce Reservation near Lapwai, Idaho, and the Colville Reservation near Nespelem, Washington.

NORTHEAST WOODLAND INDIANS

Northeastern or eastern woodland Indians, are a broad cultural group who shared similar ways of life. It includes the various Iroquois and Algonquin tribes throughout the northeast. Although many were displaced, descendants off most of these tribes continue to live in their home lands.

NORTHWEST COAST INDIANS

Northwest Coast Indians are a diverse group of tribes who share a lush and narrow (150 miles across) strip of Pacific Coast terrain stretching almost two thousand miles from southern California to southern Alssks. These are the dynamic totem pole and potlatch peoples who hunted for salmon, halibut, seals, and whales. They are famed for their fantastic masks, ceremonial rituals, and artwork.

OJIBWAY

Ojibway, also known as Chippewa, are Great Lakes Algonquin who call themselves Anishinabe "First People." These noted hunters, trappers, farmers, medicine people, and healers were famous for their Grand Medicine  Society, the Midiwiwin, which continues to exert traditional healing influences in countless ways. The Online at and Chippewa are centered on their reserves in Canada and on reservations in the Great Lakes area.

OMAHA

Omaha, "Those Going Against the Current," wee a Missouri River tribe of village farmers on the Great Plains who live  in earth lodges most of the year. They are gathered today in lands in Nebraska near the Winnebago Indians, Wenger their traditions continue to flourish.

ONEIDA

Oneida, "People off the Standing," are one of the Iroquois tribes. They were successful village farmers. Hunters, and artists a week as traditional long house people. Today they hold lands in New York, Wisconsin, and Canada.

ONANDAGA

Onandaga, "People off the Hills" are also "Keepers of the Council Fire" and "Keepers of the Wampum" for  the Iroquois League in upstate New York and Canada. The Onandaga are the "faith keepers" and most central of the six tribes of the Iroquois. They are based near Bestie, New York.

O'ODHAM

O'odham, "Desert People," are also known a the Papago, " Bean People, " and the Pima, "River Dwellers," Descendents of the ancient Hohokam, the "vanished ones" of the desert, they live in the desert southeast, sharing the Salt River and Gila River Reservations with the Maricopa, and the Am Chin Reservation with the Papago.

OSAGE

Osage call themselves Children of the Middle Waters. These semi nomadic prairie Indians were once buffalo hunters and village farmers. They are centered near Pawhuska, Oklahoma today, where lol reserves and other economic resources benefit their lives.

OTO

Oto were semi nomadic, like many tribes of  the prairie and plains regions. They were closely aligned with the Winebago, Iowa, and Missouri Indians. Settlement pressure during the 1800s caused hardships and land losses for them. Today the Otto and Missouri have combined into Otto-Missouri tribe share trust lands near Pawnee, Oklahoma.

OTTAWA

Ottawa, "Traders," were Great  Lakes Algonquin and allies of the Hurons, who were part of the great fur trading networks in the 1600 and 1700's. Today their descendants live in Kansas, Michigan, and Oklahoma, but they do not have reservations or trust lands.

PAIUTE

Paiute, "Water Ute " or "People of the Rushes," we numerous bands who ranged widely across the rugged Great Basin region fishing for salmon, hunting and gathering. Their reservations today are in Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah.

PAPAGO

Papago, "Bean People," called themselves Tohono O'Odham, "Desert People," They lived in the Sonoran Desert near the Gulf of California. These  semi nomadic farmers and gatherers coaxed life from harsh environments. Today they still inhabit their homelands as well as three reservations in Arizona.

PASSAMAQUODDY

Passamaquoddy, "People of the Pollack" were northeastern Algonquin fishermen, farmers, hunters, and gatherers, who were once members of the Wabenaki Comfederacy. One n of b their dependable staples was pollack. They have two reservations best Calais, Maine.

PAWNEE

Pawnee, "Horns"or "Hunters," were noted farmers and village traders of the plains and prairies who were relatives of the Arikara, Caddo, and Wichita. Driven from their historic lands in Nebraska and Kansas, they are centered today in Pawnee, Oklahoma. They are noted for their hospitality, farming, at work, and dancing.

PENOBSCOT

Penobscot, "People of the Rocky Place," were northeastern Algonquin hunters, gatherers, fishermen, and medicine people of the Wabenaki Confederacy. Their reservation, centered on Indian Island near Old Town, Maine, also includes numerous other islands numerous other islands in the Penobscot River. They are known for their sports, traditional crafts, carvings, and art works.

PEQUOT

Pequot, "Destroyers" or "Fox People," were northeastern Algonquin hunters, gatherers, fishermen, warriors, and traders. This powerful tribe dominated early trading until their numbers were decimated by colonial warfare. They are based in Connecticutt, with Mashantucket tribal headquarters in Ledyard and Mashantucket, and the Paucatuck Pequot Reservation in North Stonington. Successful tribal enterprises, especially gambling have not only enriched their financial well being but have also contributed to the economy of the state and Southern New England.

PIMA

Pima, "River Dwellers," were successful hunters, gatherers, and village farmers in the desert Southwest. Considered to be the descendants of the ancient Hohokam, the Pima irrigated their broad fields and grew corn, squash, melons, beans, cotton, sunflowers and tobacco. Today they share the Salt River and Gila River Reservations with n the Maricopa Indians.

PLAINS INDIANS

Plains Indians were mounted horsemen, buffalo hunters, and tipi dwellers who ranged across the Great Plains, axon area teaching from central Canada South to Texas, and from the Mississippi River West tho three Rockies.

POMO

Pomo were village traderstraders, hunter gatherers and noted medicine people in California. They made some of the finest baskets in Indian America, an artistic tradition that continues today. The Pomo live on several reservations, the largest is in Mendocino County.

PONCA

Ponca were peaceful Prairie Indians who migrated west from southern Minnesota to Nebraska to farm and hunt buffalo. Settlement pressures, diseases, and conflicts caused many changes for these leaders, statesmen and artists. The Ponca live on allotted lands in Oklahoma and Nebraska today.

POTAWATO!

Potawatomi, "People off the Fire," were Great Lakes Algonquins who we noted hunters, gatherers, medicine people, and artists. Their history of hardships includes the migration from Indiana in 1838, which was called the Trail of  Death because sho many people died. Today various Potawatomi bands have reservations in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, Kansas, and Oklahoma.

POWHATAN

Powhatan, "At the Falls" were about thirty bands of eastern Algonquin living in over two hundred villages in the region that became Virginia. They banded together into the Powhatan Confederacy during the 1500s and 1600s. Powhatan is also the name given to a powerful chief, who was the father of Pocahontis. Today some of their descendants on the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Reservations in Virginia; others now called the Rapahannock, Potomac, Nansemond, and Chickahominy, love throughout the rest.

PRAIRIE INDIANS

Prairie Indians were many different tribes who lived and hunted across the grass lands of the Missouri and Mississippi River regions. Some of these tribes lived in permanent villages with extensive farms, where they made pottery, carvings, and weavings. They also hunted buffalo, antelope, and other wild game and fish.

PUEBLO INDIANS

Pueblo Indians, "Villages," were the diverse village dwellers of the desert South West, who are today known as the Hopi, Zuni, and the nineteen New Mexico Pueblo tribes of the Rio Grande River regions. They are thought to be the descendants of the ancient Anasazi and Mogollon peoples. The unique architecture of their Arizona and New Mexico pueblos included dwellings  made of Adobe and stone in multistory, terraced villsges, often built on high plateaus or mesa tops.

QUAPAW

Quapaw, "Downstream People" were peaceful people of the lower Mississippi River valley who lived in bark covered houses inside palisaded villages. Settlement pressures and federal relocation policies forced them to move to new lands in the north east corner of Oklahoma, where mineral deposits found on their land help support contemporary tribal members.

SAC (SAUK)

Sac (Sauk), "Yellow Earth People" the village Algonquins of the Western Great Lakes and close allies of the Fox. Their seasonal ways of life were based on hunting and farming until settlement pressures and conflicts disrupted their traditional existence. Today they share small reservations and trust lands in Iowa, Kansas, and Oklahoma with the Fox.

SEMINOLE

Seminole, "Unconquered" or "Runaways" were southeastern Creeks who were driven out of their home lands in Georgia and Alabama. They settled and intermarried with other southern tribes in Florida in order to continue their hunting, farming, and village traditions. Federal settlement pressures and wars reduced their numbers and forced many of them to the wall the Trail of Tears in 1838-1839, bringing them to Indian Territory, which later became the State of Oklahoma. But many fought to remain; they now have five reservations and trust lands in Florida as well as lands in Texas and in Seminole, Oklahoma.

SENECA

Seneca, "People of the Great Hill" and "Keepers of the Western Door" for the Iroquois League, were noted farmers, hunters, statesmen, artists and medicine peoplepeople. They now have reservations in western New York near the cut off Buffalo and additional parcels off leased lands.

SHAWNEE

Shawnee, "Southerners" were groups of eastern Algonquin who ranged over considerable territory in the western Cumberland Mountains. These farmers, hunters, fishermen, and statesmen were also warriors, as settlement pressures threatened to displace them. Today they share thrust lands in Oklahoma.

SHINNECOCK

Sinnecock were noted fisherman, whalers, and farmers who were sought after for their wampum (shell beads) during the fur trading era. These Algonquin people are centered on their reservation in Southampton, New York (on the south fork of Long Island), where they continue to develop tribal enterprises.

SHOSHONE

Shoshone were diverse groups who lived , hunted, and foraged in the high, stuff Great Basin region West off the Rocky Mountains. They share reservation and land today in Idaho, Utah, Nevada and California.

SIOUX

Sioux, "Adders," call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota, which means "Allies." Four branches of this dynamic horse culture, each with distinct bands, migrated from the woodlands onto the great plains centuries ago. Despite the impact of settlement pressures and warfare, the Sioux have remained enduring leaders. They have eight reservations in South Dakota, two in North Dakota, four in Minnesota, and more on other states, as well as reserve lands in Canada.

TLINGIT

Tlinget, were numerous bands of fishermen, carvers, traders, weavers, and warriors on the Northwestern Coast; that were neighbors of the    Haida and Tsimshian. In southern Alaska, where the salmon were central to their economy. Tonight wildcards were noted for their totem poles.

TSIMSJIAN

Tsimshian, "People of the Skeena River" were Northwest Coast fishermen, carvers, and artists who gathered much of their livelihood from the Pacific Ocean. Today there are seven Tsimshian bands in western Canada as well as many who live on Annette Island, best the coast of Alaska.

TUSCARORA

Tuscarora, "People of the Hemp" were the  sixth tribe to join the Iraquois League when they migrated North from the Carolinas in the early 1700's, seeking to escape settlement pressures and other conflicts. Today they have a reservation in northeastern New York, and they have reserve lands in Canada and North Carolina.

UMATILLA

Umatilla, of the high western plateau region, were related to the Cayuses, Modocs, Wallawallas, Yakimas, and Nez Perces living in what is now northern Oregon and Southern Washington. The Umatilla Reservation, established in 1853 near Pendleton, Oregon, is shared with Cayuse and Wallawalla. These tubes sponsor dance and art pageants, a popular annual rodeo, and have built a fine new cultural center.

UTE

Ute, "People off the Sun" or "Land of the Sun," were the tribal neighbors of the Paiute and Shoshone  in the Great Basin region. These nomadic hunters and gatherers were sometimes called Digger Indians because they knew the art of gathering many wild foods and medicines from the earth. Today the are centered upon three reservations in Colorado and Utah (which takes its name  from the tribe).

WABENAKi

Wabenaki, "People Living in the Sunrise," was an Algonquin Indian confederacy during the historic period (about 1750-1850). It brought together the Abenaki, Penobscot, Passsmaquoddy, Micmac, Maliseet, and Pennacook peoples.

WALAPAI

Walapai, "Pine Tree People" see (Hualapai)

WAMPANOAG

Wampanoag, "People of the Dawn" were coastal Algonquin fishermen, farmers, and warriors in the Northeast, where they formed strong alliances during the settlement period. Displacement, conflicts, and diseases thinned their numbers and ended their lands. Today the Gay Head Wampanoags are centered on Martha's Vineyard, and the Mashpee Wampanoags are based in Mashpee, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod.

WINEBAGO

Winebago, "People of the Dark Water," were Great Lakes Algonquin fishermen and village farmers as well as noted medicine people. They have reservations in Wisconsin and Minnesota and share reservation lands with the Omaha in Nebraska.

WYANDOT

Wyandot, "Islanders or Peninsula Dwellers"(see Huron)

YAKIMA

Yakima, "Runaway," were Plateau Indians who lived along the Yakima River, a tributary of the Columbia River. These fishermen, hunters, gatherers, and weavers were also noted warriors who endured countless conflicts. Their reservation, which they share the Painted and other native peoples, is based in Topenish, Washington.

YAQUI

Yaqui, "Chief River," were farmers, fishermen, medicine people, and forgers in an area of the desert Southwest that straddled the United States-Mexico border. They suffered from countless radius, settlement conflicts, and missionary pressures. Today their descendants  live in six communities in Southern Arizona as well as in Mexico.

YAVAPAI

Yavapai, "People of the Sun," were numerous bands of nomadic people in the desert Southwest who forged for seasonal wild foods and medicines. They resisted missionary and settlement pressures but were drawn  into conflicts during the 1800s. They share reservation lands today with Apache and Mojave in western Arizona.

YUMA

Yuma "People of the River," were southwestern village farmers, and hunters who lived along the Colorado River. They banded together to prevent the Spanish and European settlements that eventually split their resistance. They share reservation lands today with the Maricopa and Cocopah in California and Arizona.

YUPIK

Yupik were Arctic people related to the Aleut, Inuit, and Inupiat. Their ancestors migrated across the Bering strait from Siberia more than ten thousand years ago. Sometimes called Eskimos, there are distinctive settlements of Yupik in Alaska, Siberia, and along the Pacific Arctic regions.

YUROK

"Downstream People," were northern California people, who fished and hunted along the Klamath River, with there neighbors the Karoks " Upstream People. " Today these tribes have several small reservations (rancherias) in Humbolt County, California.

ZUNI

"Flesh" also AiShiwi, are traditional Pueblo farmers, hunters and artists of the upper Zuni River in western New Mexico, where they originally had seven villages. They are descendants of the ancient Mogollon Culture. Noted stone cutters, carvers, silver smiths and jewelers, they are especially famous for their festival dances at Zuni Pueblo, where they host an annual fair.